برف جون ڇپون جو ڪوڊ ڏسو

{{Short description|Large piece of freshwater ice broken off a glacier or ice shelf and floating in open water}}

[[File:Iceberg in the Arctic with its underside exposed.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=1.2|[[آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ]] ۾ هڪ برف جي ڇپ]]
[[File:GreenlandReel Icebergs 2160APR.webm|thumb|upright=1.2|[[گرين لينڊ]] ۾  برف جون ڇپون جيئن 2015ع ۾ ناسا پاران فلمايو ويو.]]

'''برف جي ڇپ''' (Iceberg) 15 ميٽر کان وڌيڪ ڊگھي تازي پاڻيءَ جي برف جو هڪ ٽڪرو آهي<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/iip/Iceberg_Formation.pdf|title=Iceberg Formation: International Ice Patrol|website=International Ice Patrol|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509054249/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/iip/Iceberg_Formation.pdf|archive-date=2017-05-09|access-date=2021-08-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو ڪنهن گليشيئر يا برف جي شيلف کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو آهي ۽ کليل پاڻيءَ ۾ آزاديءَ سان تري رهيو آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=define%3Aiceberg&btnG=Google+Search|title=Definitions of the word 'Iceberg'|access-date=2006-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/icebergs-and-glaciers/common-misconceptions-about-icebergs-and-glaciers|title=Common Misconceptions about Icebergs and Glaciers|date=19 July 2011|publisher=Ohio State University|quote=Icebergs float in salt water, but they are formed from freshwater glacial ice.}}</ref> ترندڙ برفاني طور تي نڪتل برف جي ننڍڙن ٽڪرن کي ”گرولر“ يا ”برگي بِٽ“ چئبو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/bergy-bit|title=bergy bit|website=National Snow and Ice Data Center|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.athropolis.com/arctic-facts/fact-bergy-bits.htm|title=Bergy Bits and Growlers|website=www.athropolis.com|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> برفاني ٽڪر جو گهڻو حصو پاڻيءَ جي مٿاڇري کان هيٺ هوندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ”آئس برگ جو ٽپ“ ظاهر ڪيو ويو آهي ته جيئن ڪنهن وڏي اڻ ڏٺي مسئلي جي هڪ ننڍڙي حصي کي واضح ڪري سگهجي. برف جون ڇپون هڪ سنگين سامونڊي خطرو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.

برف جون ڇپون سائيز ۽ شڪل ۾ ڪافي مختلف آهن. گرين لينڊ ۾ گليشيئرز مان نڪرندڙ برفاني ٽڪرا اڪثر بي ترتيب شڪل ۾ هوندا آهن جڏهن ته انٽارڪٽڪ جي برفاني پناهه گاهه اڪثر ڪري وڏا ٽئبلر (ٽيبل ٽاپ) آئس برگ پيدا ڪندا آهن. تازي تاريخ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو برفاني ٿلهو، جنهن جو نالو B-15 آهي، سال 2000ع ۾ تقريباً 300 ماپ ڪان 40 ڪلوميٽر (186 ماپ کان 25 ميل) تي ماپيو ويو. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Remy|first1=J.-P.|last2=Becquevort|first2=S.|last3=Haskell|first3=T.G.|last4=Tison|first4=J.-L.|date=December 2008|title=Impact of the B-15 iceberg "stranding event" on the physical and biological properties of sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954102008001284/type/journal_article|journal=Antarctic Science|language=en|volume=20|issue=6|pages=593–604|bibcode=2008AntSc..20..593R|doi=10.1017/S0954102008001284|issn=0954-1020|s2cid=73604210}}</ref> ریڪارڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو آئس برگ هڪ انٽارڪٽڪ ٽيبلولر آئس برگ هو، جنهن جي ماپ 335 کان 97 ڪلوميٽر آهي (240 کان 60 ميل) 240 ڪلوميٽر (150 ميل) ڏکڻ پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۾ اسڪاٽ ٻيٽ جي اولهه ۾ يو ايس ايس گليشيئر طرفان 12 نومبر 1956ع تي ڏٺو ويو. هي برفاني برفاني ٽڪرو بيلجيم کان به وڏو هو.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1956|title=Antarctica shed a 208-mile-long berg in 1956|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/coldscience/2005-01-20-1956-antarctic-iceberg_x.htm|journal=[[The Polar Times]]|volume=43|page=18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522193438/https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/coldscience/2005-01-20-1956-antarctic-iceberg_x.htm|archive-date=2006-05-22|via=[[USA Today]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

برف جون ڇپون دنيا جي [[اتر قطب]] يا ڏکڻ قطب ڏي جيترو ويجهو وڃبو، اوترو گهڻي ٿڌ ملندي. آخر اهڙو هنڌ شروع ٿي ويندو، جتان کان وڌيڪ اڳيان سخت سيءَ ڪري سڄو سمنڊ برف وانگر ڄميل ملندو. اونهاري جي موسم ۾ سمنڊ جا ڪجهه برفاني حصا باقي ڄميل برف کان ڇڄي ڌار ٿي، پاڻيءَ ۾ ترڻ لڳندا آهن. اتر ناروي ۽ ڪئناڊا پاسي جهاز هلائيندي برف جون اهي ڇپون (آئيس برگ) نظر اينديون آهن. اهي آئيس برگ ڪافي وڏا ٿين ٿا. ڪي ڪي ته جهاز کان به ٻيڻا ٽيڻا وڏا ٿين ٿا. پر تپرس جي اها ڳالهه آهي ته سمنڊ جي مٿان نظر ايندڙ هي آئيس برگ سڄي آئيس برگ جو فقط هڪ حصو هوندا آهن. جيئن جهاز جيترو نظر اچي ٿو، اوترو سمند اندر به ٿئي ٿو. اهڙيءَ طرح نظر ايندڙ هيءَ ”برف جي ڇپ“ اصل ۾ ”آئيس برگ“ جي فقط ٽپ ھوندي آھي، باقي ان جو اٺوڻ يا نائوڻ جيترو حصو سمنڊ اندر ھوندو آھي. ان ڪري هنن آفت جيڏن آئيس برگ سان پاڻيءَ جو جهاز ٽڪرائجي تباهه ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{Citation |title=موج نه سهي مڪڙي (الطاف شيخ) {{!}} سنڌ سلامت ڪتاب گهر<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=164#7321 |accessdate=2016-11-20 |archive-date=2017-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184841/http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=164#7321 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>ڪتاب: موج نه سهي مڪڙي</ref>

== نالو ==
لفظ آئسبرگ ڊچ لفظ ائجسبرگ (ijsberg) مان هڪ جزوي قرض ترجمو آهي، لفظي معني آهي برف جو جبل. اهو ڊینش اسبجرگ (isbjerg)، جرمن ايسبرگ (Isberg)، لو سيڪسونی آئيسبرگ ۽ سويڊش اسبرگ کي سڃاڻي ٿو.

==جائزو==
عام طور تي آئس برگ جي مقدار جو ڏھون حصو پاڻيءَ کان مٿي هوندو آهي، جيڪو آرشيميڊس جي بوائينسيءَ جي اصول جي پٺيان آهي؛ خالص برف جي کثافت اٽڪل 920 ڪلوگرام في مڪعب ميٽر (57 پائونڊ في مڪعب فوٽ) آهي، ۽ سمنڊ جي پاڻي جي اٽڪل 1.025 ڪلوگرام في مڪعب ميٽر (64 پائونڊ في مڪعب فوٽ) آهي. مٿاڇري کان مٿي واري حصي کي ڏسي پاڻيءَ جي هيٺان حصي جو سمورو اندازو لڳائڻ مشڪل ٿي سگھي ٿو. 
[[File:Research on Iceberg B-15A by Josh Landis, National Science Foundation (Image 4) (NSF).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Northern edge of [[Iceberg B-15]]A in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 29 January 2001]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Iceberg size classifications according to the International Ice Patrol<ref name=":0" />
! Size class
! Height (m)
! Length (m)
|-
| Growler
| <1
| <5
|-
| Bergy bit
| 1–5
| 5–15
|-
| Small
| 5–15
| 15–60
|-
| Medium
| 15–45
| 60–122
|-
| Large
| 45–75
| 122–213
|-
| Very large
| >75
| >213
|}

The largest icebergs recorded have been [[Ice calving|calved]], or broken off, from the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] of [[Antarctica]]. Icebergs may reach a height of more than {{convert|100|m|ft|sigfig=1}} above the sea surface and have mass ranging from about 100,000 tonnes up to more than 10&nbsp;million tonnes. Icebergs or pieces of floating ice smaller than 5&nbsp;meters above the sea surface are classified as "bergy bits"; smaller than 1&nbsp;meter—"growlers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalcompendium.com/tables/science/iceb.htm |title=Iceberg Classification Systems}}</ref> The largest known iceberg in the [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic|North Atlantic]] was {{convert|168|m|ft}} above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker [[USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279)|''Eastwind'']] in 1958, making it the height of a 55-story building. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland and may have interior temperatures of {{convert|-15|to|-20|C|F}}.<ref name="cgfoi">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/justthefacts.asp |work=Canadian Geographic |title=Facts on Icebergs |date=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060331032737/https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/justthefacts.asp |archive-date=2006-03-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Grotto in an iceberg.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Grotto]] in an iceberg, photographed during the [[Terra Nova Expedition|British Antarctic Expedition]] of 1911–1913, 5&nbsp;Jan 1911]]

=== Drift ===
A given iceberg's trajectory through the ocean can be modelled by integrating the equation

: <math>m \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt} = -mf\vec{k} \times \vec{v} + \vec{F}_\text{a} + \vec{F}_\text{w} + \vec{F}_\text{r} + \vec{F}_\text{s} + \vec{F}_\text{p},</math>

where ''m'' is the iceberg mass, ''v'' the drift velocity, and the variables ''f'', ''k'', and ''F'' correspond to the [[Coriolis force]], the vertical unit vector, and a given force. The subscripts a, w, r, s, and p correspond to the air drag, water drag, wave radiation force, sea ice drag, and the horizontal pressure gradient force.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carlson |first1=Daniel F. |last2=Boone |first2=Wieter |last3=Meire |first3=Lorenz |last4=Abermann |first4=Jakob |last5=Rysgaard |first5=Søren |date=2017-08-28 |title=Bergy Bit and Melt Water Trajectories in Godthåbsfjord (SW Greenland) Observed by the Expendable Ice Tracker |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=4 |pages=276 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2017.00276 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bigg |first1=Grant R. |last2=Wadley |first2=Martin R. |last3=Stevens |first3=David P. |last4=Johnson |first4=John A. |date=October 1997 |title=Modelling the dynamics and thermodynamics of icebergs |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165232X97000128 |journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=113–135 |doi=10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00012-8|bibcode=1997CRST...26..113B }}</ref>

Icebergs deteriorate through melting and fracturing, which changes the mass ''m'', as well as the surface area, volume, and stability of the iceberg.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Anna |last2=Mueller |first2=Derek |last3=Joyal |first3=Gabriel |date=2018-04-08 |title=Surveying Drifting Icebergs and Ice Islands: Deterioration Detection and Mass Estimation with Aerial Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=575 |doi=10.3390/rs10040575 |bibcode=2018RemS...10..575C |issn=2072-4292 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/16996 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Iceberg deterioration and drift, therefore, are interconnected iceberg thermodynamics, and fracturing must be considered when modelling iceberg drift.<ref name=":2" />

Winds and currents may move icebergs close to coastlines, where they can become frozen into [[Drift ice|pack ice]] (one form of [[sea ice]]), or drift into shallow waters, where they can come into contact with the seabed, a phenomenon called [[seabed gouging by ice|seabed gouging]].

=== Mass loss ===
Icebergs lose mass due to melting, and [[Ice calving|calving]]. Melting can be due to solar radiation, or heat and salt transport from the ocean. Iceberg calving is generally enhanced by waves impacting the iceberg. 

Melting tends to be driven by the ocean, rather than solar radiation. Ocean driven melting is often modelled as

: <math>M_{b} = K \Delta u^{0.8} \frac{T_0-T}{L^{0.2}},</math>

where <math>M_\text{b}</math> is the melt rate in m/day, <math>\Delta u</math> is the relative velocity between the iceberg and the ocean, <math>T_0-T</math> is the temperature difference between the ocean and the iceberg, and <math>L</math> is the length of the iceberg. <math>K</math> is a constant based on properties of the iceberg and the ocean and is approximately <math>0.75^\circ \text{C}^{-1} \text{m}^{0.4} \text{day}^{-1} \text{s}^{0.8}</math> in the polar ocean.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cenedese |first1=Claudia |last2=Straneo |first2=Fiamma |title=Icebergs Melting |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |date=19 January 2023 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=377–402 |doi=10.1146/annurev-fluid-032522-100734|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023AnRFM..55..377C }}</ref>

The influence of the shape of an iceberg<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hester |first1=Eric W. |last2=McConnochie |first2=Craig D. |last3=Cenedese |first3=Claudia |last4=Couston |first4=Louis-Alexandre |last5=Vasil |first5=Geoffrey |title=Aspect ratio affects iceberg melting |journal=Physical Review Fluids |date=12 February 2021 |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=023802 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.023802|arxiv=2009.10281 |bibcode=2021PhRvF...6b3802H }}</ref> and of the Coriolis force<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meroni |first1=Agostino N. |last2=McConnochie |first2=Craig D. |last3=Cenedese |first3=Claudia |last4=Sutherland |first4=Bruce |last5=Snow |first5=Kate |title=Nonlinear influence of the Earth's rotation on iceberg melting |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |date=10 January 2019 |volume=858 |pages=832–851 |doi=10.1017/jfm.2018.798|bibcode=2019JFM...858..832M |s2cid=126234419 }}</ref> on iceberg melting rates has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments.

Wave erosion is more poorly constrained but can be estimated by

: <math> M_\text{e} = cS_s(T_\text{s}+2)[1+\text{cos}(I_\text{c}^3\pi)],</math>

where <math>M_\text{e}</math> is the wave erosion rate in m/day, <math>c = \frac{1}{12} \text{m day}^{-1}</math>, <math>S_\text{S}</math> describes the sea state, <math>T_\text{S}</math> is the sea surface temperature, and <math>I_\text{c}</math> is the [[sea ice]] concentration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cenedese |first1=Claudia |last2=Straneo |first2=Fiamma |title=Icebergs Melting |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |date=19 January 2023 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=377–402 |doi=10.1146/annurev-fluid-032522-100734|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023AnRFM..55..377C }}</ref>

=== Bubbles ===
Air trapped in snow forms bubbles as the snow is compressed to form firn and then glacial ice.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Scholander |first1=P. F. |last2=Nutt |first2=D. C. |date=1960 |title=Bubble Pressure in Greenland Icebergs |journal=Journal of Glaciology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=28 |pages=671–678 |doi=10.3189/S0022143000017950 |issn=0022-1430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Icebergs can contain up to 10% air bubbles by volume.<ref name=":3" />{{not in source|reason=The article only reports gas pressures in the bubbles up to 20 atm, without volume estimations, but saying that "At high pressures the bubbles are compressed so the difference in density between glacier ice and bubble-free ice becomes only a small fraction of 1 per cent". Since air even at 20 atm is ≳30 times lighter than pure ice, this by no means can be interpreted as "10% air bubbles by volume".|date=August 2022}} These bubbles are released during melting, producing a fizzing sound that some may call "Bergie [[Carbonated water|Seltzer]]". This sound results when the water-ice interface reaches compressed air bubbles trapped in the ice. As each bubble bursts it makes a "popping" sound<ref name="cgfoi" /> and the acoustic properties of these bubbles can be used to study iceberg melt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Glowacki |first1=Oskar |last2=Deane |first2=Grant B. |last3=Moskalik |first3=Mateusz |date=2018-05-16 |title=The Intensity, Directionality, and Statistics of Underwater Noise From Melting Icebergs |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=4105–4113 |doi=10.1029/2018GL077632 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.4105G |s2cid=135352794 |issn=0094-8276|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Stability ===
An iceberg may flip, or capsize, as it melts and breaks apart, changing the [[Center of mass|center of gravity]]. Capsizing can occur shortly after calving when the iceberg is young and establishing balance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MacAyeal|first1=Douglas R.|last2=Abbot|first2=Dorian S.|last3=Sergienko|first3=Olga V.|date=2011|title=Iceberg-capsize tsunamigenesis|journal=Annals of Glaciology|language=en|volume=52|issue=58|pages=51–56|doi=10.3189/172756411797252103|bibcode=2011AnGla..52...51M|issn=0260-3055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Icebergs are unpredictable and can capsize anytime and without warning. Large icebergs that break off from a glacier front and flip onto the glacier face can push the entire glacier backwards momentarily, producing 'glacial earthquakes' that generate as much energy as an atomic bomb.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/flipping-icebergs |title=Flipping Icebergs  |work=ScienceNews for Students |author=Stephen Ornes |date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/25/417457888/study-reveals-what-happens-during-a-glacial-earthquake |title=Study Reveals What Happens During A 'Glacial Earthquake' |work=NPR |author=Nell Greenfieldboyce  |date=June 25, 2015 |accessdate=March 9, 2021}}</ref>

===Color===
Icebergs are generally white because they are covered in snow, but can be green, blue, yellow, black, striped, or even [[rainbow]]-colored.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/icebergs-can-be-green-black-striped-even-rainbow-slide-show/ |title=Icebergs Can Be Green, Black, Striped, Even Rainbow  |work=Scientific American |author=Katherine Wright  |date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref> Seawater, algae and lack of air bubbles in the ice can create diverse colors. Sediment can create the dirty black coloration present in some icebergs.<ref name="Image of the Week - Super-cool colours of icebergs">{{cite web |last1=Roach |first1=Lettie |title=Image of the Week - Super-cool colours of icebergs |url=https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/cr/2018/03/30/image-of-the-week-super-cool-colours-of-icebergs/ |website=EGU Blogs |date=11 January 2019 |publisher=European Geosciences Union |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

===Shape===
[[File:Iceberg Shape.svg|thumb|Different shapes of icebergs]]
[[File:Antarctic Sound-2016-Iceberg 02.jpg|thumb|Tabular iceberg, near [[Brown Bluff]] in the [[Antarctic Sound]] off [[Tabarin Peninsula]]]]

In addition to size classification (Table 1), icebergs can be classified on the basis of their shapes. The two basic types of iceberg forms are ''tabular'' and ''non-tabular''. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a flat top, much like a [[plateau]], with a length-to-height ratio of more than 5:1.<ref name="iipssc">{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/lantarea/iip/docs/AOS_2011.pdf|title=Sizes and Shapes of Icebergs|publisher=International Ice Patrol|access-date=2006-12-20}}</ref>

This type of iceberg, also known as an ''ice island'',<ref>Weeks, W.F. (2010), On Sea Ice, University of Alaska Press, p. 399</ref> can be quite large, as in the case of [[Pobeda Ice Island]]. [[Antarctic]] icebergs formed by breaking off from an [[ice shelf]], such as the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] or [[Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf]], are typically tabular. The largest icebergs in the world are formed this way.

Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes and include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ma06/indepth/nathistory.asp|title=Iceberg Physiology|publisher=Canadian Geographic|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060331032649/https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ma06/indepth/nathistory.asp|archive-date=2006-03-31|url-status=dead|author=Holly Gordon}}</ref>

* ''Dome'': An iceberg with a rounded top.
* ''Pinnacle'': An iceberg with one or more [[spire]]s.
* ''Wedge'': An iceberg with a steep edge on one side and a slope on the opposite side.
* ''Dry-dock'': An iceberg that has [[Erosion|eroded]] to form a slot or [[Channel (geography)|channel]].
* ''Blocky'': An iceberg with steep, vertical sides and a flat top. It differs from tabular icebergs in that its [[aspect ratio]], the ratio between its width and height, is small, more like that of a block than a flat sheet.

==نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول==

=== تاريخ ===
[[Image:Titanic iceberg.jpg|thumb|برف جي ڇپ، جن تی  آر ايم ايس ٽائيٽينڪ کي ٻڏائڻ جو شڪ آهي؛ ڳاڙهي رنگ جو هڪ داغ گهڻو ڪري ٽائيٽينڪ جي ڳاڙهي هل (Hull) جي پٽي وانگر پاڻي جي لڪير تي ان جي بنياد تي هلندو آهي.]]سال 1914ع کان اڳ، برف جي ڇپن جي ذريعي ٻيڙين جي موتمار ٻڏڻ جي باوجود، ڇپن کان ٻيڙين جي حفاظت لاء برف جي ڇپن کي ٽريڪ ڪرڻ لاء ڪو نظام موجود نه هو. سال 1907ع ۾، ايس ايس ڪرونپرينز ولهيلم، هڪ جرمن لائنر، هڪ برف جي ڇپ سان ٽڪرائي ڇڏيو ۽ هڪ ٿلهي ڪمان جو شڪار ٿيو، پر هوء اڃا تائين پنهنجو سفر مڪمل ڪرڻ جي قابل هئي. 

ٻيڙيءَ جي اڏاوت ۾ واٽر ٽائيٽ ڪمپارٽمينٽلائيزيشن جي اچڻ سبب ڊزائنر پنهنجن جهازن کي ”نا ڊبڻ لائق“ قرار ڏيڻ تي مجبور ٿيا. سال 1912ع ۾ ٽائيٽينڪ جي ٻڏڻ دوران، ٽائيٽينڪ کي ٻڏائڻ واری برف جي ڇپ اندازي مطابق 2,224 مسافرن ۽ عملدارن مان 1,500 کان وڌيڪ مارجي ويو، 'نا ڊبڻ' دعوي کي سنجيده نقصان پهچايو. انهي سال جي برفاني موسم جي باقي رهي، گڏيل قومن جي نيوي پاڻي جي گشت ڪئي ۽ برف جي حرڪتن جي نگراني ڪئي. نومبر 1913ع ۾، سمنڊ ۾ زندگيءَ جي حفاظت تي بين الاقوامي ڪانفرنس لنڊن ۾ ٿي، جنهن ۾ برف جي ڇپن جي مشاهدي جو وڌيڪ مستقل نظام ٺهيو. ٽن مهينن اندر حصو وٺندڙ بحري قومن انٽرنيشنل آئس پيٽرول (IIP) ٺاهي ڇڏيو. IIP جو مقصد موسميات ۽ سامونڊي جانچ (Oceanography) تي ڊيٽا، واء، برف جي وهڪري، سامونڊي گرمي، ۽ لوڻ جي سطح کي ماپڻ لاء ڊيٽا گڏ ڪرڻ هو. هنن نيو فائونڊ لينڊ جي گرانڊ بئنڪز جي ويجهو برفاني خطرن جي نگراني ڪئي ۽ سامونڊي برادريءَ کي ان ڀرپاسي ۾ ”سڀني ڄاتل برف جون حدون“ مهيا ڪيون. IIP پنهنجو پهريون رڪارڊ 1921ع ۾ شايع ڪيو، جنهن جي هڪ سال جي ڀيٽ ۾ برفاني حرڪتن جي مقابلي ۾ اجازت ڏني وئي.

=== ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ===

==سامونڊي سائنس ۽ ماحوليات== 
==تازیون وڏیون برفاني ڇپون==
==ثقافت ۾==
رڪارڊ ٿيل تاريخ ۾ سڀ کان نمايان طور تي سڃاتل آئس برگ مان هڪ اهو آهي جنهن "ٽائيٽينڪ" مسافر جهاز کی 15 اپريل 1912ع تي ٻڏي ويو هو. حادثي کان ڪجهه وقت پوءِ تباهي هڪ بين الاقوامي برفاني گشت جي قيام جو سبب بڻيو. ٻنهي اترين ۽ ڏاکڻين اڌ گولن ۾ برفاني ٽڪرن کي اڪثر ڪري منهٽن ٻيٽ جي 59.1 چورس ڪلوميٽر (22.8 اسڪوائر ميل) ايراضيءَ سان  ماپ ۾ ڀيٽيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/14/europe/greenland-arctic-ice-shelf-intl/index.html|title=A chunk of ice twice the size of Manhattan has broken off Greenland in the last two years|author=Zamira Rahim|publisher=CNN|date=September 14, 2020|access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/an-iceberg-30-times-the-size-of-manhattan-is-about-to-b-1832764641|title=An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica|author=Maddie Stone|website=[[Gizmodo]]|date=February 21, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iceberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11|title=An iceberg 5 times bigger than Manhattan just broke off from Antarctica|author=Lorraine Chow|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=November 1, 2018|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027051017/https://www.businessinsider.com/iceberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11|archive-date=October 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/iceberg-70-times-size-manhattan-114459703.html | title=An iceberg about 70 times the size of Manhattan broke off from Antarctica, creating the world's largest iceberg | date=20 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2020/11/04/americas/worlds-biggest-iceberg-a68a-intl/index.html | title=An iceberg 80 times the size of Manhattan could destroy a fragile South Atlantic ecosystem }}</ref>
[[File:William_Bradford_-_Fishing_Boats_and_Icebergs.jpg|thumb|''وليم براڊ فورڊ جي مصوري؛''''"فشنگ بوٽس ۽ آئس برگز"'']]
[[File:Albert_Bierstadt_-_The_Iceberg.jpg|alt=Painting of an large iceberg and a small skiff in the foreground|thumb|''البرٽ بيئرسٽڊٽ جي مصوري؛'' ''"دي آئس برگ"'']]آرٽسٽن پنهنجي پينٽنگز لاءِ آئس برگ کي موضوع طور استعمال ڪيو آهي. فريڊرڪ ايڊون چرچ جي "دي آئس برگس"،  سال1861ع ۾ نيو فائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور کان ٻيڙيءَ جي سفر تي مڪمل ڪيل اسڪيچ مان پينٽ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dma.org/art/collection/object/4171219|title=The Icebergs|website=Dallas Museum of Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235827/https://dma.org/art/collection/object/4171219|archive-date=July 19, 2023|access-date=March 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>     ڪاسپر ڊيوڊ فريڊرچ جي پينٽنگ، ”برف جو سمنڊ“، 1823ع کان 1824ع تائين پولر لينڊ اسڪيپ آهي، جنهن ۾ آئس برگ ۽ جهازن جي تباهي اهڙين حالتن جي خطرن کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://online-sammlung.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/en/objekt/HK-1051|title=Online Collection - Caspar David Friedrich, The Sea of Ice, 1823/24|website=Hamburger Kunsthalle|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122857/https://online-sammlung.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/en/objekt/HK-1051|archive-date=September 22, 2022|access-date=March 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> وليم براد فورڊ آرڪٽڪ ساحلن ۾ قائم ڪيل سامونڊي جهازن جون تفصيلي پينٽنگس ٺاهيا ۽ آئس برگن کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Overeem|first=Irina|date=January 28, 2018|title=Full article/ William Bradford/ Sailing Ships and Arctic Seas|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430%282003%29035%5B0541%3ABR%5D2.0.CO%3B2|journal=Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research|volume=35|issue=4|pages=541|doi=10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0541:BR]2.0.CO;2|issn=1523-0430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426024031/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0541%3ABR]2.0.CO%3B2|archive-date=April 26, 2022|access-date=March 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> البرٽ بيئرسٽڊٽ 1883ع ۽ 1884ع ۾ اسٽيم شپس تي آرڪٽڪ جي سفرن جو مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪي اسٽوڊيو ۾ ٺهيل وڏي برفاني پٿرن سان آرڪٽڪ جي منظرن جي تصويرن جو بنياد هئا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-6134527|title=Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902), Icebergs|website=Christie's|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308004355/https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-6134527|archive-date=March 8, 2024|access-date=March 8, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{portal|سمنڊ}}

*علائقي جي لحاظ کان رڪارڊ ٿيل آئس برگ جي فهرست 
* آئس اسٽيشن
* برفباری 
* سمنڊ جي برف
* پولر برف جي ٽوپي 
* پولر آئس پيڪ
* پولينيا 
* سمنڊ جي ڪناري تي برف سان گجگوڙ
* شيلف برف
[[File:Coat of arms Ilulissat.svg|thumb|upright=0.7|الوليسات جي کوٽ آف آرمز ۾ آئسبرگ جي تصوير]]{{colend}}

==خارجي لنڪس==
*[http://www.icebergfinder.com/ Iceberg Finder Service] for east coast of Canada
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826010509/http://www.solcomhouse.com/iceberg.htm Icebergs of The Arctic and Antarctic]
*{{Wikisource-inline|Iceberg}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodies of ice]]
[[Category:Icebergs|*]]
[[Category:Ice in transportation]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]
[[Category:Snow or ice weather phenomena]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:پاڻي]]
[[زمرو:سامونڊي]]
[[زمرو:سامونڊي سائنس]]